Academics and corporate innovators both spend their workdays pursuing breakthroughs that may never materialize. Venturing into unknown territory carries fairly high potential rewards, but also a fairly high risk of failure.

If I could summarize in one page the most important lessons I have learned in pharmaceutical quality assurance over the last 40 years, this is it.

I

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Lean says: Map the value stream. Your brain says: I’ve been doing this so long, it’s become second nature to me. The steps are right here—in my head.