Lean says: Manage flow. Your brain says: My work isn’t linear. My day is filled with interruptions, and so I don’t have the “luxury” of flow. What’s at play here: functional fixedness.

It’s quite frustrating to be not heard when you speak up, and unfortunately, it’s more common than you might think.

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Academics and corporate innovators both spend their workdays pursuing breakthroughs that may never materialize. Venturing into unknown territory carries fairly high potential rewards, but also a fairly high risk of failure.

If I could summarize in one page the most important lessons I have learned in pharmaceutical quality assurance over the last 40 years, this is it.