Computer-aided design (CAD) systems are tried-and-true tools used to design many of the physical objects we use each day. But CAD software requires extensive expertise to master, and many tools incorporate such a high level of detail that they don’t lend themselves to brainstorming or rapid prototyping.

In an effort to make design faster and more accessible for nonexperts, researchers from MIT and elsewhere developed an AI-driven robotic assembly system that enables people to build physical objects by simply describing them in words.

Their system uses a generative AI model to build a 3D representation of an object’s geometry based on the user’s prompt. Then, a second generative AI model reasons about the desired object and figures out where different components should go, according to the object’s function and geometry.          

The system can automatically build the object from a set of prefabricated parts using robotic assembly. It can also iterate on the design based on feedback from the user.

The researchers used this end-to-end system to fabricate furniture, including chairs and shelves, from two types of premade components. The components can be disassembled and reassembled at will, reducing the amount of waste generated through the fabrication process.

Given the prompt, “Make me a chair” and feedback, “I want panels on the seat,” the robot assembles a chair and places panel components according to the user prompt. Credit: Courtesy of the researchers          

They evaluated these designs through a user study and found that more than 90% of participants preferred the objects made by their AI-driven system when compared to different approaches.

Although this work is an initial demonstration, the framework could be especially useful for rapid prototyping complex objects like aerospace components and architectural objects. In the longer term, it could be used in homes to fabricate furniture or other objects locally without bulky products shipped from a central facility.

“Sooner or later, we want to be able to communicate and talk to a robot and AI system the same way we talk to each other to make things together. Our system is a first step toward enabling that future,” says lead author Alex Kyaw, a graduate student in the MIT departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) and Architecture.

Kyaw is joined on the paper by Richa Gupta, an MIT architecture graduate student; Faez Ahmed, associate professor of mechanical engineering; Lawrence Sass, professor and chair of the Computation Group in the Department of Architecture; senior author Randall Davis, an EECS professor and member of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL); as well as others at Google Deepmind and Autodesk Research. The paper was recently presented at the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems.

Generating a multicomponent design

While generative AI models are good at generating 3D representations, known as meshes, from text prompts, most don’t produce uniform representations of an object’s geometry that have the component-level details needed for robotic assembly.

Separating these meshes into components is challenging for a model because assigning components depends on the geometry and functionality of the object and its parts.

The researchers tackled these challenges using a vision-language model (VLM), a powerful generative AI model that has been pretrained to understand images and text. They task the VLM with figuring out how two types of prefabricated parts—structural components and panel components—should fit together to form an object.

“There are many ways we can put panels on a physical object, but the robot needs to see the geometry and reason over that geometry to make a decision about it. By serving as both the eyes and brain of the robot, the VLM enables the robot to do this,” says Kyaw.

A user prompts the system with text, perhaps by typing, “Make me a chair,” and gives it an AI-generated image of a chair to start.

Then, the VLM reasons about the chair and determines where panel components go on top of structural components, based on the functionality of many example objects it has seen before. For instance, the model can determine that the seat and backrest should have panels with surfaces for sitting and leaning back in the chair.

It outputs this information as text, such as “seat” or “backrest.” Each surface of the chair is then labeled with numbers, and the information is fed back to the VLM.

Then the VLM chooses the labels that correspond to the geometric parts of the chair that should receive panels on the 3D mesh to complete the design.

Human-AI co-design

The user remains in the loop throughout this process and can refine the design by giving the model a new prompt, such as, “Only use panels on the backrest, not the seat.”

“The design space is very big, so we narrow it down through user feedback. We believe this is the best way to do it because people have different preferences, and building an idealized model for everyone would be impossible,” says Kyaw.

“The human‑in‑the‑loop process allows the users to steer the AI‑generated designs and have a sense of ownership in the final result,” says Gupta.

Once the 3D mesh is finalized, a robotic assembly system builds the object using prefabricated parts. These reusable parts can be disassembled and reassembled into different configurations.

The researchers compared the results of their method with an algorithm that places panels on all horizontal surfaces that are facing up, and an algorithm that places panels randomly. In a user study, more than 90% of individuals preferred the designs made by their system.

They also asked the VLM to explain why it chose to put panels in those areas.

“We learned that the vision language model is able to understand some degree of the functional aspects of a chair, like leaning and sitting, to understand why it is placing panels on the seat and backrest. It isn’t just randomly spitting out these assignments,” says Kyaw.

In the future, the researchers want to enhance their system to handle more complex and nuanced user prompts, such as a table made of glass and metal. In addition, they want to incorporate additional prefabricated components, such as gears, hinges, or other moving parts, so objects can have more functionality.

“Our hope is to drastically lower the barrier of access to design tools. We have shown that we can use generative AI and robotics to turn ideas into physical objects in a fast, accessible, and sustainable manner,” says Davis.

Published Dec. 16, 2025, in MIT News.