I grew up outside Pittsburgh, widely known as “Steel City.” Although the city is no longer the center of steel or heavy manufacturing in America, its past remains a proud part of its identity.

Like many Pittsburghers, my family’s story is tied to this industrial legacy. My relatives immigrated there in search of work and found it at Westinghouse, a manufacturing giant of its day. I followed in their footsteps, becoming the fourth generation to work there. And like my ancestors before me, I supported manufacturing.

Throughout my time in Pittsburgh, I witnessed the decline of steel and associated industries, which hurt my hometown. As jobs were lost, families and communities struggled.

Industry experiences and my time in Pittsburgh shaped the path that eventually led me to NIST. I found materials science and the opportunity to research a topic deeply rooted in my hometown: steel.

Now I’m contributing to innovations in the lab that support a vibrant and resilient domestic steel industry. This work is deeply personal, rooted in the industrial legacy of the community where I grew up. I hope this work will lead to future opportunities not just in Pittsburgh but also in manufacturing towns across the country.

Rethinking ironmaking for the 21st century

Iron is a key ingredient in steelmaking. It’s often made within a blast furnace, where iron ore is reduced to molten iron using carbon monoxide gas. This reducing gas is produced from burning coke, a carbon source derived from coal.

Interestingly, the blast-furnace iron production method today isn’t so different from ones developed thousands of years ago. The process uses chemical reactions similar to those used in ancient furnaces operating around 1000 B.C. These time-tested processes are ripe for innovation.

NIST researcher Andrew Iams stands in front of one of Pittsburgh’s iconic steel mills. He witnessed the decline of the steel industry while growing up near Pittsburgh. Now, his research aims to bolster the American steel industry. Credit: M. Staab

At NIST, we’re researching new approaches to ironmaking, focusing on processes known as direct reduction. Unlike traditional blast furnace methods that use carbon monoxide gas derived from coke, direct reduction uses gases such as pure hydrogen or reformed natural gas to reduce iron ore to iron.

When pure hydrogen is used as the reducing gas in these processes, the byproduct is water vapor. In addition to pure hydrogen, reformed natural gas can also be used. This yields a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, both serving as reducing agents. Advancing these processes offers opportunities to use the country’s abundant domestic natural gas reserves. It also strengthens the U.S. ironmaking supply chain, which has shifted overseas in recent decades.

While direct reduction ironmaking shows great promise, many technical challenges limit widespread industrial adoption. One of these challenges is related to iron ore quality. Direct reduction ironmaking requires a high-quality iron ore, but much of this domestic resource has already been mined. The lower-quality iron ore that remains contains more impurities, which could result in lower-quality steel if we don’t learn how to work with it. That’s exactly what we’re working to do here at NIST, studying how to make high-quality steel out of the raw materials currently available in the U.S.

Society has been using the same fundamental science to turn iron ore into metal for thousands of years. As a materials scientist, Iams wanted to learn about this history. So he visited master blacksmith and metal sculptor Lee Sauder (back). Iams and Sauder used a bloomery furnace to make iron. Image courtesy of Andrew Iams.

Specifically, we’re trying to understand how these impurities affect the chemical reaction as the iron ore transforms into iron. We use a range of tools to evaluate this, including a specialized microscope that can magnify material more than one million times. This allows us to observe the atoms’ arrangement. The measurement technique provides a fundamental understanding of the role of impurities and how we might mitigate their effects. If we can do this, manufacturers might be able to use lower-grade iron ores and still get high-quality steel as a result, which would be ideal for domestic steel manufacturers.

The role of recycling in modern steel

Modern steelmaking depends not only on how we produce iron, but also how effectively we recycle materials. Much of U.S. steelmaking uses recycled scrap metal as input material. In addition to iron, this scrap is melted down in an electric arc furnace. Steel is 100% recyclable and has one of the highest recycling rates of any material, meaning steel produced today could have previously been in cars, buildings, or appliances.

However, the steel industry is faced with a challenge in sourcing scrap. The high demand for steel is depleting high-quality scrap, pushing the industry to use lower-quality scrap, which often contains impurities. These impurities can carry over into newly produced steel, weakening its performance. This concept is like recycling glass or plastic: The cleaner the material, the better the recycling outcome. Glass free from metal lid rings or plastic free from food residue is far more likely to be turned into high-quality products when recycled. The same idea applies to scrap steel.

We’re exploring multiple solutions to address the challenges of low-quality metal scrap. One path is to improve recycling technologies to sort scrap more effectively and remove contamination. Another strategy is to design novel metal alloys that are more tolerant of impurities.

A combination of solutions will likely be required.

Iams at work on new approaches to ironmaking. Credit: M. King/NIST

From measurement to manufacturing: NIST’s effect

I work with a team of materials scientists that brings significant experience and deep technical knowledge to some of the toughest challenges facing U.S. industries. What makes our work so important is the focus on precision. NIST’s core strength is measuring things precisely. This is key to establishing the technical basis for industrial standards or understanding and improving materials such as iron and steel.

But we don’t work alone. Close collaborations with industry ensure that laboratory breakthroughs lead to industry successes, strengthening manufacturing, revitalizing supply chains, and enhancing our national resilience.

My hope is that scientific precision and industrial strength will help to create future opportunities in the communities that built America—like the one in which I grew up.

Published Sept. 24, 2025, in NIST’s Taking Measure blog.