(Johnson Controls: Milwaukee) -- Johnson Controls, a global leader in smart, healthy, and sustainable buildings, announced the launch of its Reference Design Guide Series for 1 Gigawatt AI data centers. Each guide in the series maps the full thermal chain, offering cooling architectures tailored to diverse compute densities, geographies, and elevations. The series begins with a detailed blueprint for water-cooled chiller plants. Future guides will address air-cooled and absorption chiller solutions.

As AI transforms industries, the scale and complexity of data center infrastructure is rapidly evolving. The ability to efficiently manage thermal loads at gigawatt scale is now a critical enabler for AI innovation, and the industry faces mounting pressure to deliver facilities that are not only high-performing but also sustainable and future-ready. Johnson Controls’ Reference Design Guide Series responds to this challenge by outlining how to achieve industry-leading energy and water efficiency (PUE and WUE) while maintaining flexibility to scale across diverse climates and operational requirements.

The guide outlines a complete thermal architecture supporting both liquid- and air-cooled IT loads through integrated computer room air handlers (CRAHs), fan coil walls, coolant distribution units (CDUs), and high efficiency York centrifugal chillers. It provides detailed sizing guidance for 220 MW compute quadrants and defines temperature and operating conditions across all major facility loops, including technology cooling system (TCS) loops supporting next-generation GPUs.

Key outcomes enabled by the updated design

Zero water consumption: A fully water-free heat rejection process using dry coolers, reducing operational costs and advancing sustainability objectives.

Future-ready thermal flexibility: High-temperature TCS loop readiness ensures compatibility with forthcoming GPU architectures.

Optimized high-density AI performance: Alignment with NVIDIA DSX reference architecture enables scalable deployment of 1-GW-class AI factories.

Energy-efficient operation: Elevated-condenser water temperatures, bifurcated loops, and York high-lift chillers deliver industry-leading PUE and improved annualized efficiency.

“AI factories are production facilities—the places where intelligence is manufactured at an industrial scale,” says Austin Domenici, vice president and general manager at Johnson Controls Global Data Center Solutions. “By supporting the NVIDIA DSX reference architecture and improving water and energy efficiency in the cooling process while maintaining high-temperature loop compatibility, our Reference Design Guide equips customers to deploy gigawatt-scale AI infrastructure that is scalable, repeatable, resilient, and sustainable.”

Learn more about the Johnson Controls Reference Guide Series at www.johnsoncontrols.com/industries/data-centers/reference-designs.