Thanks to a new reference standard developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), law enforcement agencies will have an easier time linking the nearly 200,000 cartridge cases recovered annually at U.S. crime scenes to specific firearms.

Cartridge cases—the empty shells left behind after a gun is fired—are routinely sent to forensic laboratories for analysis when they are found at a shooting scene. Using a specialized microscope called an integrated ballistic identification system (IBIS), lab technicians acquire digital images of three markings, or “signatures,” impressed on the cartridge case by the gun that fired it. These signatures—the firing pin impression, the breech face impression, and the ejector mark—are unique when fired from a specific firearm and can serve as “fingerprints” for that gun once the digital images are entered into a national database known as the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN).

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