How Standards Can Help Catch Climate Change Cheats

For CO₂ climate data, missing standards create underreporting

Published: Wednesday, April 13, 2022 - 12:01

After lengthy wrangling, the 2021 COP26 climate summit ended with 197 parties agreeing to the new Glasgow Climate Pact. It will get countries to strengthen their CO₂ emissions-cutting targets for 2030 by the end of next year, and formally recognize the need to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by a massive 45 percent by 2030.

After the decisions were agreed at the conference, COP26 president Alok Sharma told the climate summit that the target of keeping global warming to within 1.5 °C “will only survive if we keep our promises, if we translate commitments into rapid action.”

The measurement of promises and action in the fight against climate change is built on data. However, according to many observers, the data the world is relying on are inaccurate, either willfully or simply because there’s a lack of standards on how to report the facts on CO₂ emissions and their absorption.

Underreported emissions

An investigation by The Washington Post published during COP26 found that “many countries underreport their greenhouse gas emissions in their reports to the United Nations... [there is] a giant gap between what nations declare their emissions to be vs. the greenhouse gases they are sending into the atmosphere. The gap ranges from at least 8.5 billion to as high as 13.3 billion tons a year of underreported emissions—big enough to move the needle on how much the Earth will warm.”

With no globally agreed system for measuring carbon emissions, the door is left open for countries to misrepresent the size of both their problems and solutions. Standards can help close that door by ensuring ongoing, accurate measurement of real progress in the fight against climate change.

ISO’s environmental management committee has been drawing up precise standards to address environmental and climate impacts. Among the aspects the committee is examining are environmental management systems, auditing, verification/validation, environmental performance evaluation, as well as climate change and its mitigation and adaptation.

A surplus of confusion

Speaking at COP26, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres warned that “there is a deficit of credibility and a surplus of confusion over emissions reductions and net-zero targets, with different meanings and different metrics.”

Sheila Leggett, chair of ISO’s environmental management committee, says that now is the time to forge the way forward toward climate change solutions and ensure promises are kept based on reliable and consistent data. “I believe the U.N. Secretary-General was referring to what I’ve been observing in the marketplace,” said Leggett. “There have been a plethora of standards emerging from a variety of sources, and there’s a lack of standardization in terms of definitions and metrics.”

The role of standards

The ISO 1406x series of standards for assessing, validating, and verifying greenhouse gas emissions apply the principle that, in order to control an activity, we first need to measure it. They are founded on ISO’s overarching principles of harmonization, consistency, comparability, traceability, and above all, validity.

“International standards are key in my view to providing all global participants with a reliable, repeatable way to report metrics associated with climate change data,” said Leggett. “Repeatability is a core aspect of being able to track the data from year to year to understand where we are at compared to where we need to be. This allows for recalibration along the journey, rather than waiting decades to determine if we’ve been successful in our mission.”

Without consistency and validity, it’s impossible for the world to come up with comparable measurements of greenhouse gas emissions and their absorption. “It’s critical that climate data reporting is consistent across the world if we are to actively chart our progress,” said Leggett. “International standards provide the framework for this outcome.”

Consistency is key

The benefit of ISO standards is that they have been derived by experts throughout the world, in both developing and developed countries, and are approved by consensus. Leggett adds: “In my opinion, this provides as broad an input as possible into expert-derived standards. Both the depth of expertise and the breadth of representation at the table during the formation and ultimate approval of these standards are important aspects of finding our way to a global approach to the measurement of climate change.”

Daniel Trillos, who is co-chair of ISO’s environmental management committee, also highlighted the need for everyone around the world to be “on the same page, using the same methods to report their environmental activity.”

“Without this consistency, it’s impossible to have accurate data to set benchmarks, targets, and see what is and isn’t working,” Trillos told COP26 at the International Chamber of Commerce forum. “This is clearly a significant barrier to reaching climate goals.”

First published Dec. 1, 2021, on ISO News.

About The Author

ISO

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is the world’s largest developer and publisher of international standards. ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 162 countries, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. ISO is a nongovernmental organization that forms a bridge between the public and private sectors. ISO enables a consensus to be reached on solutions that meet both the requirements of business and the broader needs of society. View the ISO Standards list.