Scientists Bring Visual ‘Magic’ to Light

Berkeley Lab and Magic Leap Inc. scientists create widely controllable ultra thin optical components

Published: Wednesday, September 27, 2017 - 12:00

(Lawrence Berkeley National Lab: Berkeley, CA) -- A butterfly’s wings and a peacock’s feathers use nanoscale architecture to bend light and produce brilliant colors without pigments or dyes, and scientists have been trying to emulate nature’s design.

Now, scientists from mixed reality technology company Magic Leap Inc., working with researchers at the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), have developed new, versatile ways to control and enhance the light-bending properties of synthetic optical nanostructures. Magic Leap’s technology creates visualizations that allow virtual imagery to coexist and interact with a viewer’s actual surroundings in real time.

The researchers’ achievement, reported in Scientific Reports, enables the manipulation of light over wide angles, and across the visible light spectrum, in a very efficient way. At the core of their work is a method to create two types of silicon-based, ultra thin optical components.

“We are now able to create silicon surfaces that can take in light from a large number of input angles and wavelengths with minimal loss of diffraction efficiency,” said Stefano Cabrini, director of the Nanofabrication Facility at Berkeley Lab’s Molecular Foundry, which specializes in tools and techniques for nanoscale R&D.

“The input flexibility and the degree of control these nanostructures have over the output beam has never been seen before,” Cabrini said.

Many existing optical devices are also designed to control and manipulate light for sensing, imaging, and communications, for example, but their components can be bulky and expensive, such as those used in some medical imaging machines and DSLR cameras.

Shrinking these implements down to the nanoscale could usher in a new generation of affordable devices with advanced functionality for telecommunications, medicine, and consumer products. The list of potential applications includes “smart” surfaces that can repel water, ultrafast data processing, holograms, and even “invisibility” cloaks that can conceal objects by manipulating light.

The new technology relies on “optical metasurfaces,” which are two-dimensional structures engineered to interact with light waves in ways that natural materials cannot. The materials can have layers that are a few billionths of a meter (nanometers) thick, and contain nanoscale optical antennas that can control the reflection or transmission of light. Their ultrathin nature makes them easy to integrate into a variety of systems.

Antireflective coatings, such as the ones used on eyeglass lenses to reduce glare, provide a simple example of optical metasurfaces. Many of these lens coatings are made of ultrathin (measured in hundreds of nanometers) transparent structures whose arrangement controls the reflection of light entering the lens.

The research team from Magic Leap created the new metasurfaces by partnering with nanofabrication experts at the Molecular Foundry. They carved a pattern of silicon nanobeams using a focused beam of electrons and then transferred the design onto an ultrathin layer of silicon, only about 20 to 120 nanometers in thickness. These nanobeams were arranged to control either the transmission or reflection of light.

These metasurfaces are a miniaturized example of diffraction gratings, which have grooved surfaces that can split and bend light, and function similarly to how a prism splits a beam of light into a rainbow. The grooves can be arranged to concentrate the diffracted light into a particular order for a given wavelength, creating specific patterns.

Previous designs of metasurfaces that can control ultracompact beams of light have been functional, but limited. These structures have tended to only bend light to narrow angles because increasing the angle makes the devices inefficient.

Older designs were also constrained by both the light’s input angle and wavelength. Incoming light had to enter the surface at a 90-degree angle to avoid a drop in efficiency and was limited to wavelengths in the infrared spectrum to avoid problems with light absorption, both of which can make devices unreliable or defective.

The nanobeams that make up each of the new designs were carefully engineered to steer the light as it passes through or reflects off the surface. The size of the nanobeams and spacing between them controls the properties of the exiting light.

By making the metasurfaces out of silicon, the researchers were able to take advantage of fabrication technology that is widely available for this material, which allows their work to be more easily scaled up to mass production.

The Molecular Foundry is a DOE Office of Science User Facility that offers expert assistance and state-of-the-art equipment in nanoscale science to visiting scientists from all over the world. Work at the Molecular Foundry was supported by the Department of Energy’s Office of Science. The research team included scientists from Magic Leap, Berkeley Lab’s Molecular Foundry, and Stanford University’s Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials.

About The Author

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Founded in 1931, on the belief that the biggest scientific challenges are best addressed by teams, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and its scientists have been recognized with 13 Nobel Prizes. Today, Berkeley Lab researchers develop sustainable energy and environmental solutions, create useful new materials, advance the frontiers of computing, and probe the mysteries of life, matter, and the universe. Scientists from around the world rely on the Lab’s facilities for their own discovery science. Berkeley Lab is a multiprogram national laboratory managed by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science.