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Heinz Schandl Published: 08/03/2016
The world is using its natural resources at an ever-increasing rate. Worldwide, annual extraction of primary materials—biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores, and minerals—tripled between 1970 and 2010. People in the richest countries now consume up to 10 times more resources than those in the poorest nations.
Clearly, if the developing world is to enjoy a similar standard of living to those in the developed world, this can’t continue. We need to break the link between global economic development and primary resource consumption.
During the last week of July 2016, nations met in New York to discuss the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), which aim to “promote prosperity while protecting the planet.”
In June 2016, an international report, “Global Material Flows and Resource Productivity,” coordinated by Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) and the United Nations’ Environment Program (UNEP), was released. The report lists several ways in which the world can maintain economic growth while reducing its primary material use—ending the pattern that has driven world economic growth during the past 4.5 decades.
Global resource use from 1970 to 2010. Source: CSIRO and UNEP
Decoupling economic growth from resource use is crucially important, especially when we consider our finding that not even the wealthiest countries have managed to stabilize or reduce their overall material consumption footprint. The only time this footprint was reduced was during the global financial crisis during 2008–2009. It has since begun to grow again.
This suggests that there is no level of human well-being at which the demand for primary materials will level off—unless we make some fundamental changes to our economy.
Since the turn of the century, as emerging economies have begun to industrialize and urbanize, they have used massive amounts of iron, steel, cement, energy, and construction materials. Huge infrastructure investments have also ratcheted up the demand for primary materials to unprecedented levels.
Surprisingly, this boom in global growth has not led to improvements in efficiency, despite the many technological advances along the way. The global economy uses more material per unit of gross domestic product than it did in 2000. This is because production has shifted from material-efficient economies such as in Japan, South Korea, and Europe, to less efficient ones like those in China, India, and Southeast Asia.
Decoupling will create the space for developing countries to raise their standards of living while also achieving the SDG objectives. This won’t occur spontaneously; it will require well-designed policies, not to mention large public investments in research and development.
Past policy decisions that determine economic development, human well-being, and environmental outcomes have often been informed by a small set of economic indicators.
In contrast, policies designed to achieve progress toward the SDG will require new information about natural resource use and environmental impacts. The report, “Global Material Flows and Resource Productivity,” was written to provide data on current resource use and on how these primary materials might be used more efficiently to produce goods and services.
We have found that while dramatic increases in the consumption of fossil fuels, metals, and other materials threaten to intensify the effects of climate change, increase pollution, and harm wildlife, there are also large opportunities to embrace more sustainable practices. This in turn would also lead to economic benefits and improved well-being.
Here are some of the report’s recommendations for maintaining economic growth while streamlining resource use, split across the major sectors of the economy:
• Construction and housing: Improved building materials, insulation, and orientation of new buildings. Together, these can cut energy use in buildings by 80 percent. Meanwhile, using higher-strength steel in the construction of medium-density and high-rise buildings can save on the amount of construction material used.
• Transport and mobility: Improved urban design, public transport, electric and hybrid vehicles, and improved fuel efficiency in aviation, freight, and private transport. All of these measures will deliver massive savings in materials, energy, and greenhouse emissions.
• Agriculture and food: Improved irrigation techniques, reduced fertilizer and pesticide use, reduced average consumption of meat and dairy, and reducing food loss and waste from its current level of more than 30 percent
• Heavy industry and energy. Besides embracing recycling and renewable energy, heavy industries such as steel, cement, and paper can each draw on a range of new technologies, such as electric arc furnace improvements in the iron and steel industry.
• Technology: Nanotechnology and biotechnology will play increasingly important roles in sustainable production and consumption—for instance, by creating more durable products or developing enzymes as industrial catalysts.
The report also recommends placing a price on primary materials at the point of extraction, as well as putting a price on carbon emissions. The proceeds of these levies should be invested in research and development in resource-intensive sectors of the economy to find yet more ways to reduce overall consumption of materials.
Of course, increasing material efficiency can bring its own problems. The report recommends various policy initiatives to address these issues. Among these is shorter working hours to compensate for productivity gains, instead of salary increases alone, to avoid the rebound effect of higher overall consumption.
Lower-income countries will doubtless require more primary materials than they currently use, if they are to reach the same level of development as today’s wealthier countries. Expanding global demand for materials may contribute to local conflicts like those seen in areas where mining competes with agriculture and urban development. But the more we can curb the world’s resource growth, the more room there will be for people’s standards of living to grow without surpassing planetary limits.
This article was written with the help of Karin Hosking from CSIRO’s Land and Water Flagship. More information on the data in the report is available from UNEP Live.
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.
Heinz Schandl is a senior science leader at the Ecosystem Sciences Division of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO). His research focus is not so much on the role of the individual in sustainable development, as the social structures or institutions that determine how we interact as individuals. He is an adjunct professor at the ANU Fenner School for environment and society, an adjunct professor at the Graduate School for Environmental Studies at Nagoya University, Japan, and a member of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) International Resource Panel. Schandl has a Ph.D. in sociology.
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Links:
[1] https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/hlpf
[2] http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/#
[3] http://unep.org/documents/irp/16-00169_LW_GlobalMaterialFlowsUNEReport_FINAL_160701.pdf
[4] http://www.csiro.au/
[5] http://www.unep.org/
[6] http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi
[7] http://www.fao.org/food-loss-and-food-waste/en/
[8] http://people.csiro.au/H/K/Karin-Hosking
[9] http://uneplive.unep.org
[10] http://theconversation.com
[11] https://theconversation.com/how-do-we-uncouple-global-development-from-resource-use-62730