Millimeter-Scale, Energy-Harvesting Sensor System Developed

(University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI)—A nine cubic millimeter solar-powered sensor system developed at the University of Michigan (UM) is the smallest that can harvest energy from its surroundings to operate nearly perpetually.

A low-power, sensor system developed at the University of Michigan is 1,000 times smaller than comparable commercial counterparts. It could enable new biomedical implants. Photo by: Daeyeon Kim

The UM system’s processor, solar cells, and battery are all contained in its tiny frame, which measures 2.5 by 3.5 by 1 mm. It is 1,000 times smaller than comparable commercial counterparts.

The system could enable new biomedical implants as well as home-, building- and bridge-monitoring devices. It could vastly improve the efficiency and cost of current environmental sensor networks designed to detect movement or track air and water quality.

With an industry-standard ARM Cortex-M3 processor, the system contains the lowest-powered commercial-class microcontroller. It uses about 2,000 times less power in sleep mode than its most energy-efficient counterpart on the market today.

The engineers say successful use of an ARM processor— the industry’s most popular 32-bit processor architecture—is an important step toward commercial adoption of this technology.

“Our system can run nearly perpetually if periodically exposed to reasonable lighting conditions, even indoors,” says David Blaauw, an electrical and computer engineering professor. “Its only limiting factor is battery wear out, but the battery would last many years.”

“The ARM Cortex-M3 processor has been widely adopted throughout the microcontroller industry for its low power, energy efficient features, such as deep sleep mode and wake-up interrupt controller, which enables the core to be placed in ultralow leakage mode, returning to fully active mode almost instantaneously,” says Eric Schorn, vice president of marketing for the processor division at ARM. “This implementation of the processor exploits all of those features to the maximum to achieve an ultralow power operation.”

The sensor spends most of its time in sleep mode, waking briefly every few minutes to take measurements. Its total average power consumption is less than 1 nanowatt, or one-billionth of a watt.

The developers say the key innovation is their method for managing power. The processor only needs about half a volt to operate, but its low voltage, thin film Cymbet battery puts out close to four volts. The voltage must be reduced for the system to function most efficiently.

“If we used traditional methods, the voltage conversion process would have consumed many times more power than the processor itself uses,” explains Dennis Sylvester, an associate professor in electrical and computer engineering.

One way the UM engineers made the voltage conversion more efficient is by slowing the power management unit’s clock when the processor’s load is light.

“We skip beats if we determine the voltage is sufficiently stable,” Sylvester says.

The designers are working with doctors on potential medical applications. The system could enable less invasive ways to monitor pressure changes in the eyes, brain, and in tumors in patients with glaucoma, head trauma, or cancer. In the body, the sensor could conceivably harvest energy from movement or heat, rather than light, the engineers say.

The inventors are working to commercialize the technology through a company led by Scott Hanson, a research fellow in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.

The paper is entitled “Millimeter-Scale Nearly Perpetual Sensor System with Stacked Battery and Solar Cells.”

This research is funded by the National Science Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Focus Center Research Program, and ARM.

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